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The Lombard influence

History of the Italian language

The Germanic words, not many to tell the truth, present in the Italian language can almost all be attributed to the Lombards , who reigned in Italy for two centuries and left their traces in the names of people and places (onomatology and  toponymy) as well as in about a hundred commonly used words. Traces therefore, since no written text of that language remains: in that period the few who knew how to write wrote in Latin as shown by the Rotari Edict .

The only old Germanic language that we know enough about is Gothic, but there are very few Gothic expressions in Italian and even fewer words have become part of the language: they are defined as  "Ostrogoths" by scholars to differentiate them from the  "Visigoths" that are apparent in French and Spanish too (it is worth noting that still today an incomprehensible discourse is popularly defined as  “ostrogothic”). Gothic dominion only lasted  twenty years and this is the reason for the scarcity of linguistic traces remaining, most of which are military terms or refer to items of everyday use. Visigoths: banda (band), guardia (guard), elmo(helmet), albergo(hotel), rocca (rock), spola( spool), arredare (to furnish), guercio (cross-eyed), schietto (frank). Ostrogoths: arengo(assembly), astio(hatred), stecca(stick), briglia (rein), stanga(shaft), fiasco, nastro(ribbon), forra(ravine); names of cities like Rovigo, Goito, Vidigulfo.


Getting back to the Lombards and the traces left in onomatology ( for several centuries apart from  a few rare Pauls almost all first names were  Alighieri, Gualtiero, Guglielmo…), in toponymy and in terms like  guidrigildo (wergild) and  faida (feud), one could assume that the most characteristic feature of the Lombards was the secondary Germanic  aspect , bringing it closer to modern German. Giving  trincare (German "trinken", English "to drink") and  then palla (ball)/balla(bale), palco(scaffold)/balcone(balcony), panca(bench)/banca(bank), Ruperto/Roberto, (Val)perga/borgo(hamlet). Its influence on the development of the Italian language spread out from  the North and from the South of Italy: one thinks of  Minor Lombardy, that is the Lombard duchies of  Spoleto and  Benevento, which survived until the arrival of the Normans.

So much so that now  everywhere, even in Venice, Rome and  Cagliari, places where the Lombards never set foot, words like  guerra (war) and not  bellum are used as is the infinite preceded by a preposition (beginning “to” speak and finishing ”to” eat), a use unknown in Latin  and which is typical of Germanic languages (in English "to" is the infinitive, in German  "zu" is the infinitive).

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